規則変化:原形 + -(e)d の形 \(\longrightarrow\) 規則動詞 |
不規則変化:個別に独自の形 \(\longrightarrow\) 不規則動詞 |
・通常の変化 | \(\rightarrow\) -d, -ed をつける |
help → helped, open → opened |
・語尾が e の語 | \(\rightarrow\) -d だけつける |
arrive → arrived, like → liked |
・語尾が 「子音字 \(+\) y]の語 | \(\rightarrow\) y を i にかえて -ed をつける |
study → studied, cry → cried |
・語尾が [短母音 \(\boldsymbol{+}\) 子音字] | \(\rightarrow\) 子音字を重ねて -ed |
stop → stopped, drop → dropped |
例 外 \(\boldsymbol{1}\) | |
・語尾が [短母音 \(\boldsymbol{+}\) 子音字] | \(\rightarrow\) -ed をつける |
mix → mixed |
例 外 \(\boldsymbol{2}\) | ||
・語尾が 「母音字 \(+\) y]の語 | \(\rightarrow\) -ed をつける |
play → played enjoy → enjoyed |
例 外 \(\boldsymbol{3}\) | ||
・語尾が [短母音 \(\boldsymbol{+}\) 子音字] | 短母音にアクセントのない \(\boldsymbol{2}\) 音節以上の語 | \(\rightarrow\) -ed だけ |
visit → visited, offer → offered |
・例 外 \(\boldsymbol{4}\) | |
・[短母音 \(\boldsymbol{+\;2}\)子音字] | -ed だけつける |
jump → jumped |
-ed の発音 | |
-ed は、動詞の語尾の発音に応じて次のように発音します。 |
[ t ] | 語尾の発音が [ t ] 以外の無声音 |
: looked [lúkt] | |
[ d ] | 語尾の発音が [ d ] 以外の有声音 |
: arrived [əráivd] | |
[ id ] | 語尾の発音が [ t ], [ d ] |
: visited [vízitid], ended [éndid] |
\(\boldsymbol{1)\; A-B-C}\) 型 | |
―― すべてが異なる形 |
begin → began [bigǽn] → begun [begʌ́n] |
drink → drank [drǽŋk] → drunk [drʌ́ŋk] |
ride → rode [róud] → ridden [rídden] |
speak → spoke [spóuk] → spoken [spóukn] |
go → went [wént] → gone [góun] |
do → did [díd] → done [dʌ́n] |
\(\boldsymbol{2)\; A-B-B}\) 型 | |
―― 過去形・過去分詞形が同じ形 |
build → built [bílt] → built [bílt] |
spend → spent [spént] → spent [spént] |
feel → felt [félt] → felt [félt] |
keep → kept [képt] → kept [képt] |
buy → bought [bɔ́:t] → bought [bɔ́:t] |
teach → taught [tɔ́:t] → taught [tɔ́:t] |
make → made [méid] → made [méid] |
say → said [séd] → said [séd] |
\(\boldsymbol{3)\; A-B-A}\) 型 | |
―― 原形・過去分詞形が同じ形 |
come → came [kéim] → come |
become → became [bikéim] → become |
run → ran [rǽn] → run |
\(\boldsymbol{4)\; A-A-A}\) 型 | |
―― 変化なし |
cut [kʌ́t] → cut → cut |
hit [hít] → hit → hit |
put [pút] → put → put |
shut [ʃʌ́t] → shut → shut |
\(\boldsymbol{5)\; A-A-B}\) 型 | |
―― 過去分詞形のみ異なる形 |
beat → beat → beaten [bí:tn] |
または、 |
beat [bí:t] → beat → beat |
\(\boldsymbol{2}\) 通りの変化をする動詞 | |
主に米国でよく用いられる場合と、英国で用いらる場合で発音が異なるものがあります。 |
show → showed → showed [ʃóud] 米 | show → shew [ʃú:] → shown [ʃóun] 英 |
burn → burned → burned [bɚ́:nd] 米 | burn → burnt → burnt [bɚ́:nt] 英 |
dream → dreamed → dreamed [drí:md] 米 | dream → dreamt → dreamt [drémt] 英 |
learn → learned → learned [lɚ́:nd] 米 | learn → learnt → learnt [lɚ́:nt] 英 |
check |
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・注意すべき活用の動詞 |
lie [lai] \(-\) lay [léi] \(-\) lain [léin] | ―― 横になる:自動詞 |
lay [léi] \(-\) laid [léid] \(-\) laid [léid] | ―― 横にする:他動詞 |
lie [lai] \(-\) lied [láid] \(-\) lied [láid] | ―― うそをつく:自動詞 |
rise [raiz] \(-\) rose [róuz] \(-\) risen [rízn] | ―― 上がる:自動詞 |
raise [réiz] \(-\) raised [réizd] \(-\) raised | ―― 上げる:他動詞 |
blow \(-\) blew [blú:] \(-\) blown [blóun] | ―― 風が吹く:自動詞 |
flow \(-\) flowed [flóud] \(-\) flowed | ―― 流れる:自動詞 |
fly \(-\) flew [flú:] \(-\) flown [flóun] | ―― 飛 ぶ:自動詞 |