動詞の活用
動詞には \(5\) つの語形変化（活用） があります。| \(1.\) 原 形 | 変化する前のもとの形 |
| \(2.\) \(\boldsymbol{3}\) 人称単数現在形 | \(\boldsymbol{-s,\;-es}\) がつく形 |
| \(3.\) 過去形 | \(\boldsymbol{-ed,\;-d}\) がつく形など |
| \(4.\) 現在分詞形 | \(\boldsymbol{-ing}\) がつく形 |
| \(5.\) 過去分詞形 | \(\boldsymbol{-ed,\;-d}\) がつく形など |
規則動詞
現在形 \(→\) 過去形 \(→\) 過去分詞形 \(3\) つの語形変化において、過去形と過去分詞形が同じ変化を規則変化といい、規則変化をする動詞を規則動詞といいます。 動詞によって多少の違いはありますが、基本的に規則動詞の語尾には \(\boldsymbol{-d,\;-ed}\) がつきます。| \(\small{①}\) | そのまま\(\boldsymbol{-ed}\) を付ける |
| listen - listened - listened |
| need - needed - needed |
| paint - painted - painted |
| call - called - called |
| climb - climbed - climbed |
| answer - answered - answered |
| \(\small{②}\) | \(\boldsymbol{\color{red}{e}}\) で終わる |
| \(⇒\) | \(\boldsymbol{\color{blue}{-d}}\) のみつける |
| arrive - arrived - arrived |
| hope - hoped - hoped |
| die - died - died |
| like - liked - liked |
| \(\small{③}\) | 語尾が [子音字\(\boldsymbol{\;+\;y}\)] で終わる |
| \(⇒\) | \(\boldsymbol{\color{blue}{y}}\) を \(\boldsymbol{\color{blue}{i}}\) にかえて \(\boldsymbol{-ed}\) |
| cry - cried - cried |
| carry - carried - carried |
| study - studied - studied |
| try - tried - tried |
| \(\small{④}\) | アクセントのある短母音\(\boldsymbol{\;+\;1}\) 子音字 |
| \(⇒\) | 子音字を重ねて \(\boldsymbol{-ed}\) |
| drop - dropped - dropped |
| beg - begged - begged |
| stop - stopped - stopped |
| 例 外： |
| mix - mixed - mixed |
| \(・\) | [母音字\(+\;\boldsymbol{\color{red}{y}}\)] で終わる |
| \(⇒\) | \(\boldsymbol{-ed}\) だけつける |
| play - played - played |
| enjoy - enjoyed - enjoyed |
| \(・\) | アクセントのない [短母音 \(\boldsymbol{+\;1}\) 子音字] で終わる \(\boldsymbol{2}\) 音節以上の語 |
| \(⇒\) | \(\boldsymbol{-ed}\) だけつける |
| visit - visited - visited |
| offer - offered - offered |
| \(・\) | 短母音 \(\boldsymbol{+\;2}\) 子音字で終わる |
| \(⇒\) | \(\boldsymbol{-ed}\) だけつける |
| jump - jumped - jumped |
不規則動詞
変化の仕方にはいくつかタイプがありますので、タイプごとに覚えます。タイプ \(\boldsymbol{1\;:\;A\;-\;B\;-\;B}\) 型
現在形 \(→\) 過去形 \(→\) 過去分詞形 \(3\) つの語形変化において、過去形と過去分詞形が同じパターンになります
| bring \(-\) brought [brɔ:t] \(-\) brought [brɔ:t] |
| build \(-\) built \(-\) built |
| buy \(-\) bought [bɔ:t] \(-\) bought [bɔ:t] |
| catch \(-\) caught [kɔ:t] \(-\) caught [kɔ:t] |
| dig \(-\) dug [dʌg] \(-\) dug [dʌg] |
| feel \(-\) felt \(-\) felt |
| fight \(-\) fought [fɔ:t] \(-\) fought [fɔ:t] |
| find \(-\) found \(-\) found |
| get \(-\) got \(-\) got/gotten |
| *過去分詞アメリカ英語では \(gotten,\) イギリス英語では \(got\) を主に使用 |
| have \(-\) had \(-\) had |
| hear \(-\) heard \(-\) heard |
| hold \(-\) held \(-\) held |
| keep \(-\) kept \(-\) kept |
| learn \(-\) learned / learnt \(-\) learned / learnt |
| *アメリカ英語では \(learned,\) イギリス英語では \(learnt\) を主に使用 |
| leave \(-\) left \(-\) left |
| lend \(-\) lent \(-\) lent |
| make \(-\) made \(-\) made |
| meet \(-\) met \(-\) met |
| pay \(-\) paid [peid] \(-\) paid [peid] |
| read [ri:d] \(-\) read [red] \(-\) read [red] |
| say \(-\) said [sed] \(-\) said [sed] |
| sell \(-\) sold [sould] \(-\) sold [sould] |
| send \(-\) sent \(-\) sent |
| sit \(-\) sat \(-\) sat |
| sleep \(-\) slept \(-\) slept |
| smell \(-\) smelled / smelt \(-\) smelled / smelt |
| *アメリカ英語では \(smelled,\) イギリス英語では \(smelt\) を主に使用 |
| spell \(-\) spelt \(-\) spelt |
| stand \(-\) stood \(-\) stood |
| strike \(-\) struck [strʌk] \(-\) struck [strʌk] |
| swing \(-\) swung [swʌŋ] \(-\) swung [swʌŋ] |
| teach \(-\) taught [tɔ:t] \(-\) taught [tɔ:t] |
| tell \(-\) told [tould] \(-\) told [tould] |
| think \(-\) thought [θɔ:t] \(-\) thought [θɔ:t] |
| understand \(-\) understood \(-\) understood |
| win \(-\) won [wʌn] \(-\) won [wʌn] |
タイプ \(\boldsymbol{2\;:\;A\;-\;B\;-\;C}\) 型
現在形 \(→\) 過去形 \(→\) 過去分詞形 \(3\) つの語形変化のすべてが異なるタイプになります| be \(-\) was/were \(-\) been |
| bear \(-\) bore \(-\) borne/born [bɔɚn] |
| begin \(-\) began \(-\) begun |
| bite \(-\) bit \(-\) bitten |
| blow \(-\) blew \(-\) blown |
| break \(-\) broke \(-\) broken |
| choose \(-\) chose \(-\) chosen |
| do \(-\) did \(-\) done [dʌn] |
| draw \(-\) drew \(-\) drown |
| drink \(-\) drank \(-\) drunk |
| drive \(-\) drove [drouv] \(-\) driven [drivn] |
| eat \(-\) ate [eit] \(-\) eaten [i:tn] |
| fall \(-\) fell \(-\) fallen |
| fly \(-\) flew [flu:] \(-\) flown [floun] |
| forget \(-\) forgot \(-\) forgotten |
| give \(-\) gave \(-\) given |
| go \(-\) went \(-\) gone |
| grow \(-\) grew \(-\) grown |
| hide \(-\) hid [hid] \(-\) hidden [hidn] |
| know \(-\) knew \(-\) known |
| lie \(-\) lay [lei] \(-\) lain [lein] |
| mistake \(-\) mistook \(-\) mistaken |
| ride \(-\) rode \(-\) riden |
| ring \(-\) rang [ræŋ] \(-\) rung [rʌŋ] |
| see \(-\) saw [sɔ:] \(-\) seen |
| show \(-\) showed \(-\) shown |
| sing \(-\) sang [sæŋ] \(-\) sung [sʌŋ] |
| speak \(-\) spoke \(-\) spoken |
| steal \(-\) stole \(-\) stolen |
| swim \(-\) swam [swæm] \(-\) swum [swʌm] |
| take \(-\) took \(-\) taken |
| throw \(-\) threw \(-\) thrown |
| wake \(-\) woke \(-\) woken |
| write \(-\) wrote \(-\) written |
タイプ \(\boldsymbol{3\;:\;A\;-\;A\;-\;B}\) 型
現在形 \(→\) 過去形 \(→\) 過去分詞形 \(3\) つの語形変化の原形と過去形が同じで過去分詞形だけが異なるタイプになります| beat \(-\) beat \(-\) beaten |
タイプ \(\boldsymbol{4\;:\;A\;-\;B\;-\;A}\) 型
現在形 \(→\) 過去形 \(→\) 過去分詞形 \(3\) つの語形変化の原形と過去分詞形が同じで過去形だけが異なるタイプになります| come \(-\) came \(-\) come |
| run \(-\) ran \(-\) run |
タイプ \(\boldsymbol{5\;:\;A\;-\;A\;-\;A}\) 型
現在形 \(→\) 過去形 \(→\) 過去分詞形 \(3\) つの語形変化のすべてが同じタイプになります| cost \(-\) cost \(-\) cost |
| cut \(-\) cut \(-\) cut |
| hit \(-\) hit \(-\) hit |
| put \(-\) put \(-\) put |
| shut \(-\) shut \(-\) shut |
* 注意が必要な動詞の活用
| 自 : 横になる | lie - lay - lain |
| 他 : 横にする | lay - laid [leid] - laid |
| 自 : 上がる | rise - rose - risen |
| 他 : 上げる | raise [reiz] - raised - raised |
| 見つける： | find - found - found |
| 設立する： | found - founded - founded |
| 風が吹く： | blow - blew - blown |
| 流れる： | flow - flowed - flowed |
| 飛ぶ： | fly - flew - flown |
| 油で揚げる： | fry - fried - fried |